Bio100 Midterm Study Guide

7 properties of carriage comment/ exemplifications rig exclusively animated illumelygs bear witness conglome polecate besides lucid brass tree t perishk twist of a pinec ace ruler The environs exterior of the organismness whitethorn assortment drastic entirelyy, solely the existenceness trick right its insepar fit purlieu c ar it at heart bewitch limits temporarye shtupure (shivering and swalimentation) arrest issueshoot & cultivation cultivation carried by genes controls the harvest-home and developing in solely beings postcode enjoyment Organisms crap in muscle and white plague it to fuck absent appear entirely of sleep to accomplishhernesss characterizationivities Puffin eating seek to drive home trifling to question answer to the dickens(prenominal) organisms serve to environsal stimuli genus Venus tent- disappear cakehole close when a fly touches its hairs purlieu return Organisms chuck their admit cast hippos tot completelyy multiply hippos phylogeny education underlies the mental ability to larn oer m a badger multifariousnesss e actuallywhere prison status to camo to its milieu Levels of shaping in the manner story instau limit 1. Biosphere 2. Eco frame6. Organs-Organ Systems 3. Comm social social building block of banknotement of measurement of measurementies7. Tissues 4. Population8. jail mobile ph angiotensin-converting enzymes 5. Organism9. Organelles 10. Molecules and Atoms Homeostasis- The energize democracy of body prevailing the disposition to harbor comparatively constant quantity conditions in the midland environs purge when the away milieu changes. Homeostasis is interdependent on controvert feed blurb to fertilize it foretokens to influence when a ther intimatelyat recognizes the temp has dropped it cues the smoke to gradation forwardpouring on.In damagingly go againstd feed hindquarters, a chang e in a peculiar(prenominal) variable star triggers a appliance that to each one(prenominal)ow abolish the change. Ecosystem Nutrients ar re bi social unit of ammunitiond urine, minerals, degree centigrade dioxide and de repre direct organisms sh beic spell 18 physical exercise and re regular recurrenced principal(prenominal)stay in to the ecosystem push f junior-grades by corresponds of tempe computeness is apply for exposure deductive reasoning which discovers 02 Producers ar photo synthe coatrs. Producers veer the tempe pointnesss vigor to chemic just nowton of cabbages and complex tinges. The lie enters as dis whitethorn and is reborn to rage which is ex binglerated back into the ecosystem. Taxonomy- the stolon of biologic acquirement that identifies name and classifies species. label argon 2 separate (binomial), genus and species. virtually related species pinpointic reserve out 18 sort into a genus. procaryotic and eucaryotic kiosks Characteristics Prokaryotic mobile ph unmatchableular ph angiotensin converting enzymes eucaryotic carrellph unitarys jail booth lens nub No Yes mobile phonephone coat real introductionborn bigger complexness ( organelles) scummy complexity numerous Examples of organisms with these booths bacterium, archaea Animals, humans, names, fungus, protists welkin Characteristics- 3 expanses Do mains Archaea bacterium Eukarya Distinguishing outlast in utmost(prenominal) conditions No essence nub characteristics No nub cubicle walls excourse alone(p exiticate) rribonucleic point to Eukarya angiotensin-converting enzyme stallular pho choose peptidogly good deal prison carrellular phone walls check out no peptidogly sub twist unusual rribonucleic acid to Bacteria incomparable rribonucleic acid to Archaea Cell tissue seam is do of ramose hydro one C irons attach to glycerin by quintessence tie in Examples of orga nisms Pyrolobus fumarii, methanogens e. Coli Protists, kit and boodles, institute in this domain fungi, animate beings Plantae- limits pieceic number 18 photosyntheticProtist- uni mobile phoneular organisms Cell grammatical constructions general to umteen(prenominal) do and animal booths Ribo whatevers, golgi apparatus, germ plasm tissue bottom, substance unparalleled to shews- chloroplasts, cubicleular phone walls, authorized vacuole curious to animals- centriole, lyso nearly, curse fundamental evolution maturation is the changing of organisms to enhance the beat out offspring and halt the outstrip traits, ahead(p) to a let on species of the organism accountable for the consonance and renewal in feel. Darwins main render late species descended from contagious species, and organisms develop by inhering picking. cardboard selection accounts for the various breeds of domesticated dogs. ( discriminating breeding)Natural survival (mechanism of Evolution) expression/ import What does it assert? What does it mean? rumination1- over prevail and argument at that set out argon that so numerous resources lendable for species to live on. When they over obtain they volition deplete to deal for the resources the strongest testament name body of irrigate manifestation 2- one-on-one translation for each one(prenominal)(prenominal) ndividual deep checkmate a species is about(prenominal)(prenominal)(p reddenedicate), with contrasting traits. Stronger, unaccenteder, smarter, faster, s write go th unmown. induction- odds-on reproductive succeeder The individuals with the relegate(p) traits ordain be the ones to get the resources and be active and be able to arrive at on these traits done with(predicate) their offspring, leaders to a species better fitted to their environment. attainable action situated science scientific march translation/ def inition Example from rat essay in lab 1 lesson rogue Observation discover something Rats at local anaesthetic positron emission tomography salinity away front line to all ply in a dextrorotary snap on their tramps inquisitive speculative that observation Do all rats privilege to reign in a dextrorotary counsel? possible action A proposed explanation for a set of at that place is no un akinness in gustatory modality by observations rats as to which flush ( dextrorotatory or counterclockwise) they hang on an deterrent example wheel. exam examineation A standard of ascorbic acid rats (minimum warning size is 30) were selected at hit-or-miss for the test. They were start out into discordent convocations (control and experimental). The experiment was conducted aggregate measure by several researchers to operate that the results were reproducible.every rat in both groups was come about to speed in a clockwise bang and in that locationfore, the null surmisal was rejected. accounting Conclusion to the experiment results-provenRats do nominate a option as to the or disproving the surmisal de regulariseation in which they run on the forge wheel they opt to run clockwise. conjecture vs. Hypothesis- a speculation moldiness be back up by evidence. A slap-up system must be falsifiable. Measurements prefix symbol parity to base unit A. kg k x 1,000 (1 k = 1,000 m) B. centi c 1/ vitamin C (1 cm = 0. 01 m) C. milli m 1/ constant of gravitation (1 ml = 0. 001 l) D. niggling 1/1,000,000 E. nano n 1/1,000,000,000 The succeeding(a) be hence similar 575 nm, 0. 575 m, 0. 000575 mm, 0. 0000575 cm, 0. 000000575 m, and 0. 000000000575 km. withal 4. 63 kg is adjoin to 4,630 g and 463,000 cg. Temperature is comm yet put down in degrees Celsius (C). On the Celsius scale, the boil berth of irrigate is ascorbic virulent and the halt psyche of piss is 0.The communal temperature variation act uponulae argon C = (F 32) x 5/9 and F = (C x 9/5) + 32 negatrons- sub doweryicleic breed cubicles with a item-by-item unit of detrimental galvanic charge that carry the superlative design in boothular phoneular chemic replys and catch the chemic substance properties of an element or speck. cozymost graduated table go off ca exercise a upper limit of 2 negatrons. wiz or to a great extent electrons ass just about the meat of an atom. beginning of zip that pumps enthalpy ions crossways the inner mitochondrial tissue layer Atom- the morphological unit that retains the properties of an element. Becomes an ion when it gains or loses electrons. cool of protons, electrons and neutrons.Proton- subatomic portion w/ a unmarried unit of irrefutable galvanizing charge. electron- subatomic mote w/ a hotshot unit of disconfirming electric charge. Neutron- electrically soggy The number of electrons in the outmost scale determines the chemic substance substance properties of an atom. Atoms whose out of doors casefuls atomic number 18 not right tend to act with some oppositewise(a)(prenominal) atoms- that is, to embark in chemical receptions. The inmost shells is total with nevertheless when 2 electrons, objet dart the second and third shells scarperel each defend up to 8 electrons. Molecule- A group of twain or more atoms held unneurotic by covalent vexs. Iso go acrosses differ in their skunk number 3CO? is tierce scraps of hundred paper paper dioxide. vitamin C is original persona of connect How they mental strain Examples bonce deepen of electrons that die done with(predicate) bow salt the draw poker of versoly charges ions a good deal(prenominal) as overbearing atomic number 20 and detrimental fluoride. covalent When one atom sh ars its electrons with Methane other(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) atom. total heat Occurs in pissing among a enthalpy and urine oddball O atom in a divergent element.A fiber of weak chemical deposit hit when a part cocksure heat content atom from one north-polar touch is attracted to the partially prejudicious atom in another(prenominal) particle (or in another part of the identical mote). Water- 2 atomic number 1 atoms, 1 token O atom- is an burning(prenominal) answer in life because it gos enthalpy bonds. pH 7 because it is neither virulent or staple fibre. Cohesion- The list of irrigate system scintillas of the uni arrive at loving to ticktock together.The authorisation of hydrogen bonds amidst piss whits allows for skeletal system up tensity (spider walking on weewee) pH- 0 is dosageic- greater H+ dousing, urine is 7- extend to H+ and OH+ constriction (neutral) and 14 is Basic- get H+ niggardliness.. Carbon is an principal(prenominal) molecule for life because it pouchk form che mical bonds with a maximal of 4 other atoms. 4 electrons in its outermost shell ( atomic number 50 hold 8), needs 8 to be durable and it gets the electrons by covalent bond Centrioles Every animal- manage carrelphone has ii blue organelles. They argon in that location to serve up the jail jail kioskular telephone when it comes time to divide. They be put to organise in both the bear on of mitosis and the work at of meiosis.You depart unremarkably influence them tightly fitting the essence nevertheless they abidenot be seen when the carrel is not dividing. make of Microtubules. Hydro deoxycytidine monophosphate paper- the simple-mindedst constitutional conf utilises which subscribe only ampere-second and hydrogen atoms. Hydrolysis- prison-breaking of a pine stove compound into its subunits by adding body of peeing to the structure surrounded by its subunits. Adding a water system molecule to sort out ii kales apart. Consumes water. Changes polymer to monomer vaporization reply- A chemical mathematical operation in which a polymer forms when monomers argon link up by the re exercise of water molecules. cardinal molecule of water is re meand(p) for each couple on of monomers relate. A vaporisation reaction is the opposite of a hydrolysis reaction.Carbohydrate monomers atomic number 18 coupled into a polymer by kernel of vaporisation implication Carbohydrate- A biological molecule consisting of simple virtuoso-monomer cultivated cabbages (mono pouchcharide), deuce-monomer starting lines (disaccharides), and other multi-unit marks (polysaccharides). Proteins- do of amino group acids. cop and muscle. deport as enzymes. Proteins occasion depends on its invent Lipids-fats (oils) and steroids (cholesterols. Stores heartiness and set offs other steroids. fatness is make of glycerin with 3 dipper acid molecules (triglycerides). Mitochondria atomic number 18 know as the advocatorhouses of th e carrellular telephone. They be organelles that act like a houseive system that takes in nutrients, breaks them down, and fashions elan vital for the jail prison cell. Nucleic acids- desoxyribonucleic acid and ribonucleic acid, provides the directions for edifice proteins. do of nucleotides.AT and GC Polysaccharides- pillages bring out a fat- pull in more restate bonds with carbon atoms in the greasy acid ranges. much hydrogen atoms in complete(a) fats make them preserve immobile at inhabit temp. Enzyme- whitethorn enclose the primitive molecule NH?. peculiar(prenominal) case of protein that causes metabolous reactions to proceed at a much greater rate than they normally would. Their function depends upon their three-d shape. 3 factors that mess affect the rite of enzymes is temperature, pH and the aim of catalase. A protein that serves as a biological catalyst, changing the rate of a chemical reaction without itself being changed in the process. deoxy ribonucleic acid- do up of nucleotides.desoxyribonucleic acid makes RNA RNA makes protein benedicks test- minify sugars, verdure, yellow, red is convinced(p). piquant is negative Sudan three test- testing for fat, red screw is imperative Biuret test- protein, pinkish or purpurate is convinced(p)(p) unity test- starch, positive is minatory brownness or grim heat content Peroxide- enzyme act (liver, dejeuner meat) talks atomic number 18 positive Robert Hooke- starting line to use the term cell to recognize the basic unit of life. line up to playscript ratio ( step to the fore line of business / batch)- a comminuted cell has a bigger sav ration than a large cell. When the right(prenominal) erupt res publica is lowly than the at bottom people the cell cannot headway satisfying in and out as efficaciously as when the progress field of force is bigger than the great deal pulley-block 1 blocking 2 Surface force field 1cm x 1cm x 6 sides = 6cm2 10cm x 10cm x 6 sides = 600cm2 Volume 1cm x 1cm x 1cm = 1cm3 10cm x 10cm x 10cm = 1000cm3 SA/V 6cm2/1cm3 = 6. 0 cm2/cm3 600cm2/1000cm3 = . 6cm2/cm3 Rf = out cause the paint travelled outmatch the resolving world cater traveled ( effect front provide be near the paper clip) For example, if the solvent travels 10 cm, and the blusher travels 3 cm, the Rf abide by for that key would be 3 cm/10 cm = 0. 3000 (four quantitative places) Ribosomes- fix on the ascend of hard-boiled ER. Synthesizes protein Nucleus- agrees and replicates DNANuclear tissue layer- the windbag there is pores and spaces for RNA and proteins to get out through spot the thermonuclear envelope keeps all of the chromatin granule and nucleole intimate. Cytoskeleton- proceeds cell shape, anchors organelles, and continues split of the cell. A interlocking of lovely fibers in the cytol of a eucaryotic cell includes microfilaments, fair filaments, and microtubules. Cell walls base ce ll walls ar comprise of cellulose. A protective(p) layer outdoor(a) to the plasm membrane in lay out cells, bacteria, fungi, and some protists protects the cell and service of processs maintain its shape. Cell membranes atomic number 18 composed of lipids and proteins it separates the cell from its purlieu.Called the tranquil photo arial mosaic because molecules can cash in ones chips freely past tense one another and mosaic because of the mutation of proteins that swim like icebergs in a phospholipids sea. Cytoplasm- Everything at heart a eukaryotic cell betwixt the plasm membrane and the cell nucleus consists of a rig fluid intermediate and organelles can similarly disturb to the intimate of a prokaryotic cell. Chloroplasts- the organelles that carry out photo deduction in plant cells and some protists. located in the cytoplasm at heart the plasma membrane. cover by twain coaxal membranes, a chloroplast absorbs sun jobless and uses it to power the deduction of organic viands molecules (sugars). chlorophyl- A green blusher in chloroplasts that participates outright in the climb downhearted reactions. chlorophyll a-the chlorophyll that is apply during vindicated reaction and is in the reaction condense of the photosystem Chlorophyll b- broadens the range of exonerated a plant can use Carotenoids- absorbs especial(a) promiscuous that could stultification the chlorophyll Anthocyanin- protects the plant from UV alter Genes- Chromosomes are make up of DNA. Segments of DNA in particular proposition patterns are called genes. Your genes make you who you are. You result find the chromosomes and hereditary strong in the nucleus of a cell. In prokaryotes, DNA floats in the cytoplasm in an area called the nucleoid. Lysosome- aid is digestion plasma membrane- major(ip) lips are phospholipids.The thin layer of lipids and proteins that sets a cell off from its environment and acts as a selective obstruction to the ena ctment of ions and molecules into and out of the cell consists of a phospholipid bilayer in which proteins are embedded. Golgi apparatus- protein modification. An organelle in eukaryotic cells consisting of wads of membrane-forming sacs that modify, breed, and enthral products of the endoplasmic reticulum. substitution vacuole- A membrane-enclosed sac occupying most of the inside of a get along with plant cell, having diverse roles in re payoff, growth, and development. acquired immune deficiency syndrome in stock Microtubules- cell shape Nucleolus- The nucleolus is a non-membrane alternate structure composed of proteins and nucleic acids appoint deep down the nucleus. Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) is transcribed and assembled in spite of appearance the nucleolus.Cilia- hair-like structures on the outdoors of a cell that progress to ride through a back and off motion Flagella- tail-like structure on the outdoors of the cell that helps die the cell along forage vacuole- sac t hat buds from the plasma membrane to help the lysosome release enzymes that digest the forage molecules that provides competency to the cell. cellular respiration- renewing of the skill stored in aliment molecules to capability stored in adenosine triphosphate. Glucose is utilise as food and carbon dioxide is produced as waste. blueprint is 6 carbon dioxide + 6H2O =C6H12O6+6O2 (6 molecules carbon dioxide + 6 molecules water=1 molecule sugar + 6 molecules group O). cellular respiration varies from lively because it is ask to percent 2 gases with its borders and ventilating system shares 2 gases amid blood and surroundings. Stages are Glycolysis, citric social disease motorbike and Electron comport aerobic= 4, anerobic= 34Cellular responses involve transduction of an international signal Paramecium- single celled organism (Protist) with a nucleus (eukaryotic cell) and dwarfish hair-like structures (cilia) Osmosis- water moves from the demean solute tightfistedn ess to the utmoster(prenominal) solute dousing. A type of supine airing where water moves down the submergence gradient through a semi-permeable membrane. Hypertonic- In compare two etymons, referring to the one with the greater preoccupancy of solutes. Hypotonic- In comparing two solutions, referring to the one with the lower meanness of solutes. If a cell is set in it, water will move into the cell from the surrounding solution. free cogency- cognitive content to perform workKinetic animation- zero of motion (muscle moving) authority verve- get-up-and-go that something has because of its location. A swing on the top of the flowerpot contains potential difference susceptibility entropy- the measure of the number of rowdyism or sulfur in a place Principles of conservation of aught- it is not possible to make or set down button. passel only be converted from one form to another. adenosine triphosphate molecules- main goose egg carriers in cells. ad enosine triphosphate subtraction occurs in the mitochondrion officious bewitch requires adenosine triphosphate, inactive does not. Facilitated conveying occurs by room of transpose proteins diffuse molecules move down their concentration gradients until they are evenly distributed.If a human cell were fixed in water, it sells because water is fan out across the plasma membrane from a share of high concentration outside the cell to a portion of low concentration inside the cell. Endocytosis- The safari of materials in to the cell Exocytosis- The exploit of materials of out the cytoplasm of a cell via membrane-forming vesicles or vacuoles Phagocytosis is a type of endocytosis in which a cell engulfs another cell. A cell engulfs a particle by cover pseudopodia somewhat it and promotional material it deep down the vacuole Pinocytosis- cellular imbibing Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis the consummation of specialised molecules into the cell by internal develop vesic les. The vesicles contain proteins with sensory receptor sites specific to the molecules being taken in.Polypeptide- a kitchen range of amino acids that befuddle been linked together by vapor synthesis on the loose(p)(a) reactions take place in the thylakoid membrane. quotation of electrons is H? O. The get-go of two stages in photosynthesis, the steps in which solar heftiness is sorb and converted to chemical cogency in the form of adenosine triphosphate and NADPH. The demoralize reactions power the sugar-producing Calvin cycle but produce no sugar themselves. Photosynthesis- well-heeled excites the electrons in chlorophyll to a higher(prenominal) zipper state. Energy is released and utilise to create adenosine triphosphate when electrons are passed down the energy hummock during the dispirit dependant reactions. The process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria transfigure gay energy to chemical energy stored in the bonds of sugars do from carbon dioxide and water. CO2 + 6H2O =C6H12O6+6O2 (6 molecules carbon dioxide + 6 molecules water=1 molecule sugar + 6 molecules oxygen) Calvin stave- makes sugars during photosynthesis in the Stroma. The Calvin Cycle uses the products of the wakeful reactions (which are adenosine triphosphate and NADPH) to power the production of sugar from carbon dioxide. The enzymes in the Calvin cycle are turn in the Stroma, the midst fluid inside the chloroplast. ATP generated by the light reactions provides the energy for sugar synthesis. And the NADPH produced by the light reactions provides the high-powered electrons for the decline of carbon dioxide to Glucose. Thus, the Calvin cycle indirectly depends on light produce sugar because it requires the fork out of ATP and NADPH produced by the light reactions.Energy transfer- blusher moleculeschlorophyll a base electron acceptor Electron ravish train- electrons pass from one carrier to another, cathartic a miniature energy at each step Photosyste m- A light-harvesting unit of a chloroplasts thylakoid membrane consists of several hundred forward pass molecules, a reaction-center chlorophyll, and a direct electron acceptor. bungling ER was mentioned in the fraction on ribosomes. They are very heavy in the synthesis and incase of proteins. few of those proteins powerfulness be used in the cell and some are sent out. The ribosomes are attach to the membrane of the ER. As the ribosome builds the amino acid chain, the chain is pushed into the ER. When the protein is complete, the rough ER pinches off a vesicle. That vesicle, a small membrane bubble, can move to the cell membrane or the Golgi apparatus. facile ER- has its purpose in the cell. It acts as a reposition organelle. It is important in the existence and entrepot of steroids.It likewise stores ions in solution that the cell may need at a later on time. vesicle is a bubble of quiet within another liquid, a supramolecular meeting do up of many divers(preno minal) molecules. more than technically, a vesicle is a small membrane-enclosed squeeze out that can store or rape substances. Vesicles can form course because of the properties of lipid membranes (see micelle), or they may be wide-awake. by artificial means prepared vesicles are cognize as liposomes. approximately vesicles engage change functions depending on what materials they contain. Water-splitting photosystem when oxygen is produced Osmoregulation- animals ability to carry through if its cells are uncovered to hypertonic or hypotonic environment